Diseases cross borders as fast as people do. Global health asks how countries share responsibility and resources when a threat affects everyone.
An epidemic is a rise in cases in one region; a pandemic spreads across the world. The basic reproduction number (R₀) is the average number of people one case infects in a population with no immunity. When enough people are immune, spread slows: the herd immunity threshold = 1 − 1 ÷ R₀.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) coordinates responses and sets guidance. Key tools are vaccination, testing and tracing, sanitation and strong primary health care. Debates include vaccine access (richer countries bought early supplies), intellectual property, travel restrictions and the balance between personal freedom and public health.
A pandemic is a disease outbreak that:
R₀ is the:
The World Health Organisation:
Herd immunity means:
Why was vaccine access debated during pandemics?
A lockdown has the trade-off that it:
A disease has R₀ = 4.
What percentage must be immune for herd immunity?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.A disease has R₀ = 5.
What percentage must be immune for herd immunity?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.A higher R₀ means the herd immunity threshold is:
Which action strengthens public health long-term?
An epidemic differs from a pandemic because it:
Which is a debate about individual freedom?
Travel restrictions aim to:
People move for safety, work and opportunity. Their movement changes the places they leave and the places they reach.
Push factors drive people away (conflict, poverty, disaster, persecution); pull factors attract them (jobs, safety, education, family). A refugee flees persecution or conflict and is protected under the 1951 Refugee Convention; an economic migrant moves mainly for work. Net migration = immigrants − emigrants.
Urbanisation is the growth in the share of people living in towns and cities. Since 2007 more than half of the world’s population has lived in cities, and megacities exceed 10 million people. Benefits include jobs and services; challenges include informal housing, congestion, pollution and pressure on water. Remittances (money sent home) are important income for many families.
Which is a push factor?
Which is a pull factor?
A refugee is someone who:
A megacity has more than:
Remittances are:
“Brain drain” describes:
A country receives 120 000 immigrants and loses 80 000 emigrants in a year.
What is net migration?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.A city grows from 2 million to 3 million people.
What is the percentage increase?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.Urbanisation means:
A problem of rapid urban growth is:
A benefit of migration for host countries is:
Net migration is positive when:
The 1951 Convention concerns:
Artificial intelligence now helps decide who gets a loan, a job or a diagnosis. That power raises questions about fairness, privacy and who is responsible.
Artificial intelligence (AI) uses data to find patterns and make predictions. Benefits: faster medical diagnosis, translation, efficiency. Risks: bias (a model trained on unfair data repeats the unfairness), privacy (personal data collection), job displacement, misinformation (deepfakes) and the digital divide.
Ask who is affected (stakeholders), what benefits and harms there are, whether the process is fair and transparent and who is accountable. Responses include regulation (laws on data and high-risk uses), audits of algorithms, human oversight and public education.
An AI hiring tool trained mainly on past male hires may:
Which is a privacy concern?
A deepfake is:
Accountability means:
Regulation of AI aims to:
The digital divide could widen if AI tools are:
An AI system makes 120 decisions and 90 are correct.
What is its accuracy, in %?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.An AI tool rejects 30 of 200 applicants.
What percentage are rejected?
Enter an exact answer, without rounding.Which is a benefit of AI?
Algorithmic bias arises mainly from:
Human oversight means:
An algorithm audit checks:
A job at risk from automation is likely to be:
Questions from every topic in this course. Pick an answer for each one, then hit Check My Answers.
For a disease with R₀ = 2, herd immunity requires roughly:
Herd immunity happens when:
In a pandemic, the World Health Organisation:
Which is a likely challenge for a rapidly growing city?
A push factor is something that:
Rapid urbanisation can lead to:
When assessing a new technology ethically, you should first:
Algorithmic bias happens when:
A key ethical concern about facial recognition is: